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The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

A forgery, first printed in Russia in 1903 as the secret record of Jewish leaders plotting to rule the world. No such meetings or plotters existed.

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Dates
1903
Wikidata
Q26193

Shown in 1921 to be plagiarised from earlier writings, among them Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu, which never mentions Jews. Antisemitic propaganda; its claims are false.

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  • Russia 1903 Scholarship & press 5

    First published there; the sources do not agree on who forged it.

Timeline 2 dates
  1. 1903 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
  2. 1903 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion written at Russia
Proof 5 sources
  1. Anti-Semitism: The “Protocols” Come to America, by Michael Feldberg, Jewish Virtual Library. Scholarship & press
    Brasol found a respectable company named Small, Maynard to publish his version.
  2. The text that stoked modern antisemitism, JSTOR Daily. Scholarship & press
    Boris Brasol, “the acknowledged leader of the Russian monarchist movement in the United States,” published the first English edition.
    In 1921, the London Times outed the work as a plagiarism of an 1864 French political satire, Dialogue in Hell between Machiavelli and Montesquieu. Written by Maurice Joly, the book had pitted liberalism against despotism—never mentioning Jews.
  3. Antisemitism and Henry Ford’s “The International Jew”, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Holocaust Encyclopedia. Scholarship & press
    The first article in “The International Jew” drew directly on ideas from The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
  4. The International Jew: 1920s Antisemitism Revived Online, Anti-Defamation League, 30 Jan 2017. Scholarship & press
    Liebold passed the text of The Protocols on to Cameron, who modernized Brasol's translation and used it as the foundation for The International Jew.
  5. Protocols of the Elders of Zion: Key Dates, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Holocaust Encyclopedia. Scholarship & press
    The Times (London) reveals that the Protocols is copied in large part from a French political satire: Maurice Joly's Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu (1864). There is no mention of Jews in Dialogue in Hell.
    The Protocols was first published in the Russian Empire in 1903.
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