Event

Tiananmen protests and crackdown of 1989

Student-led protests in Beijing that began after the death of Hu Yaobang on 15 April 1989 and ended when troops cleared the area on 3 and 4 June.

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Dates
15 Apr 1989 – 4 Jun 1989
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  • Yuan Mu said on 6 June 1989 that 300 had died, including 23 students Scholarship & press 34
  • Chen Xitong said on 30 June 1989 that 200 had died, including 36 university students Scholarship & press 5
  • Wei Fenghe in 2019 defended the government's decision Scholarship & press 1
  • Communist Party of China its People's Daily editorial of 26 April blamed a very small number of people and called the protests a planned conspiracy According to Communist Party of China Scholarship & press 2
  • Government of the People's Republic of China its State Council, under Premier Li Peng, ordered martial law on 20 May 1989 Scholarship & press 2
  • Li Peng Premier of the State Council; issued the martial law order of 20 May 1989 Scholarship & press 2
  • Deng Xiaoping a U.S. State Department intelligence brief said he gave Yang Shangkun and Li Peng carte blanche to enforce martial law According to U.S. Department of State Scholarship & press 2
  • U.S. Department of State an embassy cable of 4 June reported gunfire in the square and clashes on Changan Boulevard, and that demonstrators attacked troops Scholarship & press 26
  • U.S. Department of State its morning summary put deaths from the assault at 180 to 500; its task-force report cited 500 to 2,600; its embassy judged on 22 June that deaths were below 3,000 but far above official figures, and that most were on the avenues around the square Scholarship & press 23
  • British government its ambassador's cable of 5 June 1989 passed on a second-hand estimate of at least 10,000 civilian dead; this story has not seen the cable Scholarship & press 5
  • United States government imposed sanctions after the crackdown, according to the National Security Archive Scholarship & press 2

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Timeline 1 date
  1. 15 Apr 1989 – 4 Jun 1989 Tiananmen protests and crackdown of 1989
Proof 6 sources
  1. China defends bloody crackdown of Tiananmen protests, Al Jazeera, 2 Jun 2019. Scholarship & press
    There was a conclusion to that incident. The government was decisive in stopping the turbulence.
    China has defended a bloody crackdown on protesters around Beijing's Tiananmen Square 30 years ago as the “correct policy”
    Chinese Defence Minister Wei Fenghe, speaking at the Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore on Sunday
    Rights groups and witnesses say hundreds or even thousands may have been killed, but the government has kept a lid on what really happened and the number of dead.
    protesters around Beijing's Tiananmen Square 30 years ago
  2. Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History (Electronic Briefing Book No. 16, documents), National Security Archive, George Washington University, 1 Jun 1999. Scholarship & press
    signified his endorsement of martial law and the military’s action against the population.
    After the memorial meeting, an extremely small number of people with ulterior purposes continued to take advantage of the young students’ feelings of grief for Comrade Hu Yaobang
    This is a planned conspiracy and a disturbance. Its essence is to, once and for all, negate the leadership of the CPC [Chinese Communist Party] and the socialist system
    The order, issued by Li Peng, Premier of the State Council, on May 20 stated that, "In view of the serious turmoil in Beijing Municipality
    The order, issued by Li Peng, Premier of the State Council, on May 20 stated that
    gave carte blanche to Yang Shangkun and Li Peng to enforce martial law and quash the demonstrations.
    PLA troops in Tiananmen opened a barrage of rifle and machine gun fire.
    causing a large number of casualties.
    APCs were set on fire, and demonstrators besieged troops with rocks, bottles, and Molotov cocktails.
    deaths from the military assault on Tiananmen Square range from 180 to 500; thousands more have been injured.
    casualty estimates vary from 500 to 2600 deaths, with injuries up to 10,000.
    civilian casualties probably did not reach the figure of 3,000 used in some press accounts, "they surely far outnumbered official figures."
    many if not most of the deaths associated with the crackdown occurred on Changan Avenue and other streets surrounding the square, rather than on Tiananmen Square itself.
    the figure put forward by the Chinese Red Cross of 2,600 military and civilian deaths with 7,000 wounded to be "not an unreasonable estimate."
    claiming that more than 10,000 people had been killed at Tiananmen.
    The deaths of democracy protesters resulted in U.S. sanctions, suspensions of high-level contacts, and a halt in the transfer of military technology.
  3. Daily Tar Heel, 8 June 1989, page 2 (Associated Press reports from Beijing), The Daily Tar Heel (Chapel Hill), on DigitalNC, 8 Jun 1989. Scholarship & press
    Yuan said on television 300 people were killed, including 23 students; and 7,000 were injured and 400 soldiers were missing.
    State Council spokesman Yuan Mu said on Tuesday that 7,000 people, including 5,000 soldiers, have been injured and 400 other soldiers are missing and may be dead or wounded.
    Some officials of China's Red Cross said 2,600 people were killed but Beijing's Red Cross office has refused to provide any figures.
  4. Former Chinese official Yuan Mu, who said not one person died at Tiananmen, dies at 90, Hong Kong Free Press, 17 Dec 2018. Scholarship & press
    Many of the casualties occurred near Muxidi, when the army was approaching Tiananmen Square.
    I didn’t say that no casualties resulted from our efforts to put down the counter-revolutionary rebellion. I only said that no-one died when the [People’s Liberation Army] cleared the Tiananmen Square
  5. Declassified: Chinese official said at least 10,000 civilians died in 1989 Tiananmen massacre, documents show, Hong Kong Free Press, 21 Dec 2017. Scholarship & press
    On June 30, 1989, Beijing mayor Chen Xitong said 200 died, including 36 university students, and 3,000 non-military personnel were injured.
    A member of the Chinese State Council estimated that at least 10,000 civilians were killed in the Tiananmen massacre of June 4, 1989, declassified files reveal.
    He said a person – whose name was redacted from the document – passed along the information from an unnamed member of the State Council.
  6. Tiananmen Massacre 30th Anniversary, National Security Archive, George Washington University, 4 Jun 2019. Scholarship & press
    the Chinese military had carried out a massacre ordered by top officials
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