Vietnam

Vietnam Association of Victims of Agent Orange/Dioxin (VAVA) estimates that 2.1 million to 4.8 million Vietnamese were exposed to Agent Orange during the war and at least 3 million suffer serious health problems due to that exposure.

According to MOLISA, over 365,000 Vietnamese veterans and their children and grandchildren have medical conditions attributed to exposure to dioxin.

Finally, it argues that the children and grandchildren of people exposed to dioxin have an unusually high level of birth defects and/or health problems.

Average blood levels of TEQ were nearly six times higher among the people from sprayed areas

A separate study of blood dioxin levels of Da Nang residents reported TCDD concentrations "more than 100 times globally acceptable levels."

the residual levels of wartime Agent Orange dioxin (TCDD) in soils of southern Vietnam are generally at or below background levels

a State Department official wrote that the Vietnamese government was unwilling to accept internationally recognized scientific methods because the results may not support their claims of widespread environmental damage and severe health effects.

The Vietnamese government claimed that U.S. officials were instructed to prevent the completion of the exposure studies by senior government officials.

In March 2005, the United States unilaterally terminated the research project.

But honestly, I cannot say whether or not I have myself seen a victim of Agent Orange.

Dale Robinson reports that Operation Ranch Hand dispensed between 17.7 million and 19.4 million gallons of herbicide, of which approximately 10.6 million to 11.7 million gallons were Agent Orange.

A 2003 study of the extent of use and distribution patterns for herbicides based on DOD records estimated between 19.3 million and 20.3 million gallons of herbicide were used in Vietnam, of which up to 12.1 million gallons were Agent Orange.

no large-scale epidemiological study of herbicides and the health of either the Vietnamese population or war veterans has yet been carried out

The first major herbicide shipment arrived in RVN in January 1962; defoliation targets were sprayed during September and October 1962 (Agent Purple)

more than four million litres of the other agents, primarily containing 2,4,5-T, were also used on crops.

Among the hamlets with some population data, 3,181 were sprayed directly and at least 2.1 million but perhaps as many as 4.8 million people would have been present during the spraying.

some eighteen million gallons of chemicals had been sprayed on an estimated twenty percent of South Vietnam's jungles

including thirty-six percent of its mangrove forests.

and (b) to destroy crops to deprive them of food.

utilized only in areas remote from population.

The Paris Peace Accords of January 1973 ended the United States’ participation in the Vietnam War. After the fall of Saigon in 1975