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‹ Institute for the Works of Religion

Who is behind the Institute for the Works of Religion?

Also known as IOR, Vatican Bank, Istituto per le Opere di Religione, Institute for Religious Works

Shows documented founders, leaders, board members, funders and owners.

Not who made decisions, or why.

3 links

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A connection is not evidence of wrongdoing.

Over time
  1. Led by Angelo Caloia (president) 1989–2009

On the record

Sourced links that no one presents as their own account, as recorded so far. Others may exist.

Led by

  • Angelo Caloia head of 1989–2009 president Scholarship & press 123

    Sources differ on the start: the Financial Times says 1989, OCCRP says two decades ending in 2009, Crux says 1999.

  • Ernst von Freyberg head of president Scholarship & press 4
  • Paul Marcinkus head of president Scholarship & press 56

    TIME, 1982: put in charge of the bank in 1969. The London Review of Books (1983) says "President of the Vatican Bank since 1971".

Proof 6 sources
  1. Pope's top banker in money laundering probe, Financial Times (via BishopAccountability.org), 21 Sep 2010. Scholarship & press
    Angelo Caloia, Mr Gotti Tedeschi's predecessor, was appointed in 1989
  2. Vatican Court Rejects Disgraced Bankers' Appeal, OCCRP, 26 Jul 2022. Scholarship & press
    Angelo Caloia, 81, led the Institute for Works of Religion (IOR) for two decades, ending in 2009.
  3. Appeals court upholds sentence against former Vatican bank president, Crux (Catholic News Service), 22 Jul 2022. Scholarship & press
    Angelo Caloia, who served as president of the Institute for the Works of Religion from 1999 to 2009
  4. IOR President Freyberg: Phase One of reform concluded, Vatican Radio, 8 Jul 2014. Scholarship & press
    the outgoing President of The Institute for Religious Works, Ernst Von Freyberg
  5. Italy: The Great Vatican Bank Mystery (8 pages), TIME, 13 Sep 1982. Scholarship & press Archived copy
    Paul VI put him in charge of the Vatican bank in 1969.
  6. God's Godfather (review), London Review of Books, 6 Oct 1983. Scholarship & press Archived copy
    as President of the Vatican Bank since 1971
How this answer is built

Lines on the record come first: sourced links that no one presents as their own account, each with its strongest source. Then every account recorded here gets its own column, A to Z, none ranked above another. A column quotes only that account's own words and shows the strength of its own sources. Disputed lines are listed apart, with the reason, and lines still being verified come last. Neither is counted. Withdrawn lines are never shown.

When a list is longer than the page shows, the links the public methodology ranks strongest stay (methodology 0.3), and the rest open in the explorer.

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