Events: C

C

• California gasoline price spike of 2022 Sep–Nov 2022Autumn 2022 rise in California pump prices that led to a special session of the Legislature.
• California v. Vitol and SK spot-market case 4 May 2020 – 10 Jul 2024California Department of Justice suit over spot gasoline prices after the Torrance explosion, filed May 2020 and settled for $50 million in July 2024.
• California's militia campaigns against Native peoples, 1850s 1850–1859In the 1850s California governors called for private and militia campaigns against Native peoples, which the state paid for.
• Camp David summit, July 2000 Jul 2000Talks among Clinton, Barak and Arafat on a final agreement that ended without a settlement.
• Campaign to suppress counter-revolutionaries 1949–1952Campaign in the first years of the People's Republic, listed in the Party's 1981 history among its early achievements.
• Captives of the Pequot War 1637–1638Pequot captives killed, given to colonists, shipped to the Caribbean or assigned to Mohegan and Narragansett, 1637 to 1638.
• Case of Zacarias Moussaoui, 2001 15 Aug 2001 – 11 Sep 2001The FBI’s Minneapolis office investigated a man who wanted to learn to fly a Boeing 747.
• Casement's journey on the Upper Congo (1903) 5 Jun 1903 – 15 Sep 1903Journey of the British consul Roger Casement up the Congo, the Lulongo and the Lopori, and round Lake Mantumba, June to September 1903.
• Castile's payment stops 1557–1597Three times, in 1557-60, 1575-77 and 1596-97, Philip II halted payments on his contracts with bankers.
• Castle Bravo 1 Mar 1954The 15-megaton U.S. hydrogen bomb test at Bikini Atoll on 1 March 1954, whose fallout reached Rongelap, Utirik, U.S. servicemen and a Japanese fishing boat.
• Changed Circumstances Petition, 2000 Sep 2000 – 2005The Marshall Islands government's request to the U.S. Congress in September 2000 for about $3.3 billion more; the U.S. administration rejected it in 2004.
• Charter granted to the East India Company, 1600 31 Dec 1600Queen Elizabeth's charter of 31 December 1600 incorporating the London merchants trading to the East Indies.
• Chernobyl disaster 26 Apr 1986The explosion of reactor 4 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Soviet Ukraine on 26 April 1986.
• Chile’s presidential election, 1970 4 Sep 1970On 4 September 1970 Salvador Allende won a plurality; Chile’s Congress was to choose between the first two on 24 October.
• CHOICE test of 20 SPF 50 sunscreens (2025) 12 Jun 2025June 2025 test of 20 sunscreens sold in Australia; 16 did not meet their SPF claims in CHOICE's results.
• Chris Collins insider-trading case 22 Jun 2017 – 22 Dec 2020Case over trades in Innate Immunotherapeutics shares after a failed drug trial: a guilty plea in 2019, a prison sentence in 2020, and a pardon in December 2020.
• CIA plots to kill Fidel Castro 1960–1965Plans by the CIA between 1960 and 1965 to assassinate Fidel Castro, as found by the Church Committee in 1975.
• CIA release of George Joannides records, July 2025 Jul 2025The CIA’s posting in early July 2025 of about 40 documents on George Joannides, and the competing readings of them.
• Cipollone v. Liggett Group 1 Aug 1983 – 24 Jun 1992Suit filed in 1983 by Rose Cipollone and her husband against three cigarette makers; decided in part by the U.S. Supreme Court on 24 June 1992.
• Citadel Securities added as an authorized participant of iShares Bitcoin Trust, April 2024 Apr 2024In April 2024 BlackRock added five authorized participants, Citadel Securities among them, bringing the total to nine.
• Citizens United v. FEC 21 Jan 2010U.S. Supreme Court case of 21 January 2010 on independent political spending by corporations and unions.
• Claim of U.S. support for the Taliban, 1999 14 Apr 1999A congressman’s charge of a covert U.S. policy of supporting the Taliban, and the State Department’s denial, April 1999.
• Clinton's apology for the radiation experiments 3 Oct 1995Remarks of 3 October 1995 on receiving the Advisory Committee's report.
• Clinton's apology for the Tuskegee study 16 May 1997Remarks of 16 May 1997 in the East Room of the White House.
• Clinton’s remarks in Guatemala City, 1999 10 Mar 1999President Clinton’s remarks of 10 March 1999 on the Commission for Historical Clarification’s report.
• Closed-door briefings for congressional leaders, September 2008 Sep 2008Meetings in which Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke warned congressional leaders of a possible financial meltdown.
• Closure of the Semipalatinsk Test Site, 1991 29 Aug 1991On 29 August 1991, forty-two years after the first test there, Nursultan Nazarbayev signed a decree closing the Semipalatinsk Test Site.
• Coin-clipping arrests in England, 1278 17 Nov 1278 – 7 May 1279Arrest of all the Jews of England on a charge of clipping coins, and the executions that followed.
• Cold War 1947–1991Rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their allies, about 1947–1991.
• Collapse of Banco Ambrosiano Jun 1982Failure of Milan's Banco Ambrosiano, June 1982; about $1.2 billion owed by shell companies.
• Collapse of Enron 2001Enron’s accounting troubles became public in 2001 and the company filed for bankruptcy that year.
• Collapse of Wirecard Jun 2020Wirecard filed for insolvency in June 2020 after saying €1.9 billion of cash in its accounts did not exist.
• Collectivisation of Soviet agriculture 1929The Soviet drive from 1929 to put peasants and herders into collective farms and take their grain and animals for the state.
• College admissions bribery case (Operation Varsity Blues) 12 Mar 2019Federal case unsealed 12 March 2019 over cheating on entrance exams and bribes to coaches to pass students off as athletic recruits.
• Colorado coal strike of 1913–14 Sep 1913 – Dec 1914Strike of southern Colorado coal miners against the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company and other operators, with armed clashes through the winter and spring of 1914.
• Commission of Inquiry of the Congo Free State (1904-05) 23 Jul 1904 – 30 Oct 1905Commission the Free State appointed on 23 July 1904 to see whether the people of the Congo were ill-treated by private persons or State agents; it travelled in the Congo from October 1904 and reported on 30 October 1905.
• Commission on Industrial Relations hearings on Colorado and the foundations, 1915 1915Hearings in New York in January–May 1915 at which John D. Rockefeller Jr., J. P. Morgan Jr., Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller Sr. testified.
• Committee of seven on tetraethyl lead gasoline, 1925-1926 Jun 1925 – 17 Jan 1926Seven authorities appointed by the Surgeon General to report on the health hazard of tetraethyl lead gasoline.
• Common ownership of US airlines 2001–2014Large investment firms holding shares in several competing US airlines at once; a 2018 study measured it on US routes from 2001 to 2014.
• Commons debate on the war with China, April 1840 7–9 Apr 1840Three-day debate in the House of Commons on a motion censuring the ministers' handling of China; it was defeated by nine votes.
• Commutation of Peter MacDonald's sentence, 2001 20 Jan 2001On 20 January 2001 the sentence of the former Navajo chairman was commuted.
• Compensation of slave owners under the 1833 ActAbout 47,000 people claimed on £20 million; the enslaved received no compensation.
• Compensation to Japan, 1955 4 Jan 1955On 4 January 1955 the U.S. paid Japan $2 million for the damage from the 1954 Marshall Islands tests, on an ex gratia basis.
• Composition of the Torah c. 1000 BCE – c. 500 BCEModern source-critical account of how the first five books of the Bible came together over about five centuries; tradition ascribes them to Moses.
• Congo reform campaign (from 1904) Apr 1904Campaign in Britain and the United States, led by the Congo Reform Association from April 1904, that pressed for an end to the Free State's system.
• Consolidated Supervised Entities program 21 Jun 2004 – Sep 2008The SEC’s voluntary program, begun in 2004, to supervise the holding companies of the largest investment banks; discontinued in September 2008.
• Controversy over IBM and the Holocaust, 2001 Feb 2001The 2001 book by Edwin Black and the argument over what IBM’s German unit Dehomag, and IBM, are answerable for.
• Copying and publication of the Pentagon Papers Oct 1969 – 13 Jun 1971Daniel Ellsberg copied the study from 1969, and The New York Times began publishing stories on it on 13 June 1971.
• Cortés enters Tenochtitlan 8 Nov 1519Cortés and his party enter the Mexica capital on 8 November 1519.
• Covert aid to the Afghan resistance Jul 1979 –Secret U.S. and Saudi aid to Afghan fighters, channelled through Pakistan, from July 1979; the U.S. and the Soviet Union agreed in 1991 to end military aid to both sides from 1 January 1992.
• Covert funding of Chile’s opposition, 1970–1973 1970 – Sep 1973U.S. covert money to Chilean media, parties and private groups after the 1970 election.
• Creation of the Securities and Exchange Commission 6 Jun 1934 – 2 Jul 1934The Securities Exchange Act was signed on 6 June 1934; Joseph P. Kennedy became the first chairman on 2 July.
• Cuauhtémoc hangedCuauhtémoc was hanged on a later expedition under Cortés, who says he had plotted; later writers disputed that.
• Cuauhtémoc tortured over the hidden gold 1521After the fall, Cuauhtémoc and another ruler were tortured to make them say where treasure was hidden; Bernal Díaz says the crown officials pressed for it and Cortés at last consented.
• Cuban Missile Crisis 16–28 Oct 1962Thirteen-day confrontation in October 1962 between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.
• Cultural Revolution May 1966 – Oct 1976Political movement in China from May 1966 to October 1976, led by Mao Zedong, which the Party's 1981 history calls its heaviest setback since 1949.
• Cunningham bribery case 28 Nov 2005 – 3 Mar 2006Federal bribery case in which Representative Randall “Duke” Cunningham pleaded guilty on 28 November 2005 and was sentenced on 3 March 2006.