Person
Henry Ford
American car maker. Owned the Dearborn Independent, which printed the false, antisemitic series “The International Jew” from 1920.
- Life 1863–1947
- funded The Dearborn Independent (covered the paper’s losses, $5M) Nov 1918 – Dec 1927
According to Thomas Weber
- influenced Adolf Hitler
According to David Lewis
- influenced Adolf Hitler
According to E. G. Pipp
- influenced by Boris Brasol
Founder of Ford Motor Company and owner of the The Dearborn Independent. He retracted the paper’s charges against Jews in 1927 after the Sapiro v. Ford libel suit, and accepted a German decoration in 1938: see Ford receives the Grand Cross of the German Eagle.
Connections 19
founded
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Ford Motor Company
Scholarship & press
12
The Holocaust Museum on the company’s German subsidiary is quoted here to keep owner and subsidiary apart.
acquired
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The Dearborn Independent
Nov 1918
Primary record
34
The Atlantic says Ernest Liebold made the purchase on Ford’s behalf.
funded
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The Dearborn Independent
Nov 1918 – Dec 1927
covered the paper’s losses, $5M
Primary record
3
The Benson Ford Research Center’s figure for the paper’s losses under Ford.
involved in
- Bernstein v. Ford defendant Scholarship & press 4
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Hitler’s interview with a Detroit News reporter, 1931
the subject of his remark
Scholarship & press
5
Reported by Bridge Michigan; no second source for the quote was found.
- Reports of Ford and Hitler, 1922 and 1923 the rumour’s subject Scholarship & press 4
- Ford receives the Grand Cross of the German Eagle recipient Scholarship & press 25
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Ford’s retraction of 1927
approved the statement
Primary record
126
Accounts differ on whether Ford signed it himself: the Reform Judaism account says an assistant signed.
- The Dearborn Independent’s “International Jew” campaign owner of the paper Scholarship & press 25
- The International Jew online his name is used to promote the book Scholarship & press 12
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Sapiro v. Ford
defendant
Scholarship & press
127
Accounts differ on the accident and the mistrial; each is given with its owner in the story.
appears in
- Henry Ford’s War on Jews and the Legal Battle Against Hate Speech subject Scholarship & press 7
- Mein Kampf praised there Scholarship & press 28
- Becoming Hitler: The Making of a Nazi discussed Scholarship & press 5
- The Public Life of Henry Ford subject Scholarship & press 5
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Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate
subject
Scholarship & press
149
The 1940 remark is quoted to show it set beside the 1942 letter; it repeats a falsehood.
influenced
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Adolf Hitler
According to Thomas Weber
Scholarship & press
5
Weber says confirmation, not origin. The sources used here found no historian who limits Ford’s part; the Holocaust Museum says when and why Hitler adopted his worldview is debated.
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Adolf Hitler
According to David Lewis
Scholarship & press
5
One historian’s view.
influenced by
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Boris Brasol
According to E. G. Pipp
Scholarship & press
2410
Accounts differ on how the text reached Ford: Pipp and Feldberg say through Brasol; the Holocaust Museum says Ford’s secretary received a copy in June 1920.
Timeline 3 dates
- 1863–1947 Henry Ford
- Nov 1918 Henry Ford acquired The Dearborn Independent
- Nov 1918 – Dec 1927 Henry Ford funded The Dearborn Independent
Proof 10 sources
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The International Jew: 1920s Antisemitism Revived Online, Anti-Defamation League, 30 Jan 2017.
Scholarship & press
As founder and owner of the Ford Motor Company, Henry Ford Sr. made a positive, lasting contribution to American industry and culture
The only statement I care to make about the Protocols is that they fit in with what is going on
Though Ford publicly apologized twice for publishing The International Jew, online antisemites continue to use his name to promote it.
Just before Ford was to take the stand, he was injured in an auto accident. While he recovered, Ford operatives demanded a mistrial after a juror spoke to a news reporter.
On July 16, 1927, an out-of-court settlement of the Sapiro suit was announced.
I do not subscribe to or support, directly or indirectly, any agitation which would promote antagonism against my Jewish fellow citizens.
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Antisemitism and Henry Ford’s “The International Jew”, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Holocaust Encyclopedia.
Scholarship & press
Ford Werke used forced laborers, including prisoners of war and concentration camp inmates, in its operations.
Henry Ford had no influence at Ford Werke.
On Ford’s 75th birthday in 1938, Hitler sent him personal greetings. He awarded Ford the Grand Cross of the German Eagle.
Ford’s apology was published in multiple newspapers on July 8, 1927, but it did not run in The Dearborn Independent.
The first installment of The Dearborn Independent’s antisemitic series was published on May 22, 1920.
This series was intended to increase profits and spread his antisemitic ideas to the newspaper’s readers.
In January 1922, Ford ordered The Dearborn Independent to stop running “The International Jew” series.
Decades after his death, the antisemitic literature published under Ford’s name is still available in both print and digital formats.
After some controversy about the alleged bribery of a jury member, the judge declared a mistrial.
Hitler also praised Ford in his antisemitic political treatise, Mein Kampf (1925).
Ford learned about the Protocols in June 1920 when his business secretary, Ernest G. Liebold, received a copy.
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Finding Aid for Dearborn Independent Graphic Files, 1922-1926, Accession 91.98, Benson Ford Research Center, The Henry Ford, Sep 2013.
Primary record
Henry Ford purchased the small-town weekly in November 1918 to provide a forum in which to rectify what he felt were misinterpretations of his opinions by the press, and as an outlet for his ideas on social issues.
The first publication under Henry Ford's ownership was issued on January 11, 1919.
Despite its vast circulation, with subscriptions exceeding 900,000 at its peak in 1925 and 1926, The Dearborn Independent was not a commercial success during the Ford era, losing $5 million in 8 years.
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America’s Most Dangerous Anti-Jewish Propagandist, The Atlantic, 7 Nov 2023.
Scholarship & press
Ernest Liebold, who had purchased the Independent, a weekly newspaper in Ford’s hometown, in late 1918 on Ford’s behalf.
Ford dodged service in the Bernstein case
In late 1922, The New York Times reported the “rumor” passing through Berlin that Henry Ford was bankrolling Adolf Hitler
“I still think this is a phony war made by the international Jewish bankers.”
According to Pipp, Brasol met privately with Liebold and Ford himself on multiple occasions.
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Henry Ford and the Jews: the story Dearborn didn’t want told, Bridge Michigan, 4 Feb 2019.
Scholarship & press
“I regard Henry Ford as my inspiration,” Hitler told the News.
was presented to Ford in Ford Motors’ Dearborn offices by Fritz Haller, the German vice consul in Detroit.
“Find an evil to attack,” Joseph J. O’Neil, a veteran New York newspaperman, urged Liebold in a memo.
“Henry Ford is important for having provided to Hitler confirmation, coming from the very heart of America, of an idea that had been brewing in his mind,”
Some historians believe Cameron “undertook his assignment disgustedly,” as David Lewis wrote in “The Public Life of Henry Ford,”
“Hitler’s ravings and public speeches against Jews frequently were based on Ford’s anti-Semitic literature,” Ford expert David Lewis wrote.
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Statement by Henry Ford regarding charges against Jews made in his publications, with statement and reply by Louis Marshall (American Jewish Year Book), American Jewish Committee, American Jewish Year Book (via the Berman Jewish Policy Archive), 1927.
Primary record
has been made the medium for resurrecting exploded fictions, for giving currency to the so-called Protocols of the Wise Men of Zion, which have been demonstrated, as I learn, to be gross forgeries
I hereby approve of the attached
it has been impossible for me to devote personal attention to their management or to keep informed as to their contents
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Henry Ford’s anti-Semitism, JSTOR Daily.
Scholarship & press
while Ford was in a hospital, supposedly prevented from testifying by a road accident, his private security force engineered a mistrial.
As Victoria Saker Woeste, author of Henry Ford’s War on Jews and the Legal Battle Against Hate Speech, points out
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Henry Ford and Antisemitism: The Notorious “Dearborn Independent”, American Jewish Archives.
Scholarship & press
Henry Ford is the only American referred to favorably
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A Titan of Industry and a Bigot, by Hardy Green, Business Week, 21 January 2002, Business Week (as reprinted by the Center for Online Judaic Studies), 21 Jan 2002.
Scholarship & press
Neil Baldwin, executive director of the National Book Foundation and author of Edison- Inventing the Century, redresses that with Henry Ford and the Jews- The Mass Production of Hate.
The apology didn’t signify a change in attitude.
prompting yet another apology from the old man, in 1942.
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Anti-Semitism: The “Protocols” Come to America, by Michael Feldberg, Jewish Virtual Library.
Scholarship & press
Brasol sent a copy of the Protocols to automobile manufacturer Henry Ford, who was convinced that they were authentic.
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